Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 exposure through T cell activation profiles

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-48323-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of naïve and COVID-19 convalescent donor T cell activation for select AIM pairs. ( a ) Flow cytometry plots comparing naïve and COVD-19 convalescent donor PBMCs with or without SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool stimulation . Five CD4 + T cell ( b ) and five CD8 + T cell ( c ) AIM pairs discriminate naïve (circle) and COVID-19 convalescent (square) donors. ( b , c ) Graphs indicate significant differential expression between naïve and COVID-19 convalescent donors, at 5% FDR (*), ns = not significant.

Article Snippet: Curated SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools (130-127-309, Miltenyi and 3622-1, Mabtech) containing 9-22 mer peptides were used to activate SARS-CoV-2 antigen-responsive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells.

Techniques: Comparison, Activation Assay, Flow Cytometry, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 exposure through T cell activation profiles

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-48323-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of naïve and COVID-19 convalescent donor T cell activation using fold-change and difference analyses. ( a ) Difference analysis for AIM pairs identified from the CD4 + T cell population; wherein, the median background subtracted activation marker pair signal from the naïve donor samples was subtracted from the background subtracted activation AIM pair signals detected from each COVID convalescent donor sample. ( b ) Fold-change analysis for marker pairs identified from the CD4 + T cell population; wherein, the background subtracted activation AIM pair signals detected from each COVID convalescent donor sample were divided by the median background subtracted activation marker pair signal from the naïve donor samples. ( c ) Difference analysis for AIM pairs identified from the CD8 + T cell population, analyzed similarly to the CD4 + T cell population. ( d ) Fold-change analysis for marker pairs identified from the CD8 + T cell population, analyzed similarly to the CD4 + T cell population. Each data point represents cells from a single COVID-19 convalescent donor treated with a single SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool in comparison to the median signal from the naïve donors. For all graphs, each unique symbol color represents data from a unique COVID-19 convalescent donor.

Article Snippet: Curated SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools (130-127-309, Miltenyi and 3622-1, Mabtech) containing 9-22 mer peptides were used to activate SARS-CoV-2 antigen-responsive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells.

Techniques: Comparison, Activation Assay, Marker

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 exposure through T cell activation profiles

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-48323-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytokine production is increased in COVID-19 convalescent donors following stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools. ( a ) IFN-γ cytokine production is increased in COVID-19 convalescent donor samples following stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 pp B as monitored via an Enzymatic 2-step ELISpot assay. Shown are a graph and a representative image of ELISpot results. Note: due to a technical issue, pp A failed to elicit an ELISpot response in 2 experiments, even for positive controls, which impacted the naïve to COVID-19 convalescent comparison for the pp A ELISpot data. ( b ) IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokine production is increased in COVID-19 convalescent donor samples following SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation as monitored via a bead-based flowcytometry assay. ( a, b ) Graphs indicate significant differential expression between naïve and COVID-19 convalescent donors, at 5% FDR (*), ns = not significant. ( c ) Spearman correlation analysis of AIM pairs described in Fig. that significantly discriminated naïve and COVID-19 convalescent samples with cytokine release assay and ELISpot.

Article Snippet: Curated SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools (130-127-309, Miltenyi and 3622-1, Mabtech) containing 9-22 mer peptides were used to activate SARS-CoV-2 antigen-responsive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunospot, Comparison, Quantitative Proteomics, Release Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 exposure through T cell activation profiles

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-48323-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of all 35 CD4 + and CD8 + T cell AIM pair combinations. Using data from normalized samples, unsupervised hierarchical clustering of all 35 CD4 + and CD8 + T cell marker pair combinations separated naïve and COVID-19 convalescent donor samples, except for a single COVID-19 convalescent donor sample stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 pp A (blue arrow). The same donor sample stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 pp B clustered with the COVID-19 convalescent donor samples. Obtaining this clear separation of naïve and convalescent donor samples by chance is very unlikely, p < 2 -10 .

Article Snippet: Curated SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools (130-127-309, Miltenyi and 3622-1, Mabtech) containing 9-22 mer peptides were used to activate SARS-CoV-2 antigen-responsive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells.

Techniques: Marker